There is one human race, and until America confronts the living legacy of state sanctioned racism with honest education, equal law, and everyday compassion, we will keep mistaking skin tone for character.
A young girl holds a sign capturing a shared call for unity and an end to injustice. Image Credit: International Monetary Fund
By Remo Butler and Robert Bruce Adolph
Advertisement
There are few more important topics than the absurd notion, accepted by far too many, that skin color is determinant of character or capability. Geneticists have scientifically proven that homo sapiens globally share 99.5% of our DNA. The remaining .5% is mostly about how we look: the least important characteristic of all. What we understand to be “race” is therefore fundamentally incorrect – a non sequitur. Given this fact, there is only one race – humanity. Therefore, “ethnicity” is clearly a better and more apt descriptor. Anyone who thinks otherwise does not know the science or prefers to live in ignorance. The latter regrettable circumstance rears its ugly head all too often. In any case, we feel compelled to use the word “race” in this commentary because it has come into such common usage.
DISCRIMINATION IS ABSURDLY HUMAN
At the outset, it is critically important to point out that discrimination, the most pronounced aspect of racism, is part of the human condition. Human beings discriminate. They discriminate based on tribal membership, political affiliation (often an offshoot of tribalism), gender, skin color, religion, creed, and more. Discrimination based on what we call race (mere skin pigmentation) is a human malady that has regrettably taken deep root in American soil. Even though racism is merely an all-too-common human failing, time and the promulgation of better laws in the modern era have not yet brought about a color-blind society. That critically important process is still ongoing and may take many more decades to achieve.
A TOO-BRIEF HISTORY OF SLAVERY IN AMERICA
Enslaved people were first brought to the North American continent from Africa in the 16th century. The trade grew and prospered, providing cheap labor to work the fields and later within the homes of the southern gentry. Slavery was eventually outlawed in the northern states that tended to focus less on agriculture than industry. The economies of the “slave states,” as they were called prior to the Civil War, were an abomination, but a profitable one. Hence, slavery’s longevity in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Even while the more enlightened citizens of the northern American states were publicly condemning the practice, some profited from what was later called the Triangular Trade. The cargo in the third leg were the enslaved. Avarice has no conscience, then or now. The Civil War finally eradicated the practice of slavery on US lands. But this was only the beginning of a long and arduous trek for the sons and daughters of former slaves, desperately hoping to attain something approximating the aspirations stated within the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution. Even after 1863, with President Lincoln’s signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, those aspirations continued to work in favor of those possessing lighter skin tones.
Advertisement
SLAVERY’S BITTER HERITAGE
“Jim Crow” laws in the former “slave states” followed – denying the full rights of citizenship to African Americans.
In 1863, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The Proclamation changed the legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the secessionist Confederate states from enslaved to free. Pictured is an 1864 reproduction of the Emancipation Proclamation (photo: Library of Congress’s Prints and Photographs division / Wikimedia Commons)
Advertisement
The birth of the White supremacist Ku Klux Klan organization followed, engaging in midnight lynchings and other forms of oppression designed to terrorize those who only desired to exercise their rights as free men and women. Yes, perverted states’ laws, by design, disenfranchised Black people. “Separate but equal” became the rallying call of the White supremacists. Segregation became government policy sanctioned by the US Supreme Court. The country that was supposed to be a “nation of laws” was betrayed by the bigots within government, perpetuating institutional and systemic racism. Liberty became a sham… equality a lie. Tragically, it remains a lie for a substantial proportion of American society that has yet to recover from the horrors inflicted in that dark past. What follows reflects merely a few of the best-known efforts to terminate the vestiges of enforced servitude. Rosa Parks courageously suffered police arrest for refusing to give up her seat at the front of a bus to a White person in Alabama. Alabama Governor George Wallace stood in the doorway of the state’s flagship university, attempting to
block two Black students – Vivian Malone and James Hood – from attending in 1963. President Kennedy mobilized the National Guard to force the issue. The Civil Rights Act, outlawing discrimination, became law only in 1964. As a result, Federal statutes finally began to support those seeking something approaching equality. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was signed into law while riots were ongoing following Dr Martin Luther King’s assassination. There was, of course, more.
THE TULSA RACE MASSACRE
There are several examples of racially motivated massacres from US History. The best known is the Tulsa Race Massacre in the State of Oklahoma. A White mob killed Black Americans and destroyed their property in a horrifying event that happened over two days in 1921 on May 31 and June 1. The attackers burned down more than thirty-five square blocks of the city, which was then a prosperous African American neighborhood. The all-White mob was merciless, earning the tragic episode the label of “the single worst incident of racial violence in US history.” Approximately ten thousand people became homeless. A subsequent commission determined that city officials were complicit. That same commission suggested that the number of those killed was somewhere between 75 and 300. Complicit city officials had little interest in establishing an accurate tally of the deceased. What the co-authors of this article find disturbing is that neither of us learned of this massacre in school.
Why was this appalling story erased from our collective societal memory?
Advertisement
THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
We also wish to highlight another thoroughly despicable chapter from our past. In 1932, the US Public Health Service conducted a study of syphilis at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Six hundred Black men participated in the study; three hundred and ninety-nine were purposefully and secretly infected with syphilis, and two hundred and one were not. The study’s authors chose undereducated Black males as subjects. When it finally came to light, this cruel program was termed “ethically unjust.” We believe that harsher terms would be far more appropriate. President Clinton offered a weak formal apology on May 16, 1997.
THE US MILITARY’S SHAME AND PRIDE
The military has served as an instrument for African Americans to better themselves by demonstrating their loyalty to the country’s aspirations ever since the Revolutionary War. The nation did not make it easy. Black soldiers were often issued substandard equipment, provided questionable training, fed inferior food, quartered in poor housing, and denied officer status until the commissioning of Henry O. Flipper from the US Military Academy at West Point in 1877. Prior to that, all Black troop officers were exclusively White. During the Spanish-American War, the Black Twenty-Fifth Infantry was the first troop ordered to fight by President McKinley. When it was time to board the ship, they were immediately ordered to the lowest decks, where the air circulation and resulting heat were oppressive. White troops were quartered on the more comfortable upper decks. Once at war, Black troops more than demonstrated their value in defeating the Spanish in both Cuba and Puerto Rico. They later fought bravely in Europe in World War I. In WWII, all-Black Tuskegee Airmen gained well-deserved fame in flying hazardous long-range escort for US bombers attacking targets deep into German airspace. Their performance in that role was nothing less than outstanding. In 1945, Black flyers of the 477 Composite Group refused a separate officers’ club. One hundred and sixty-two suffered arrest in separate incidents attempting to enter the “Whites only” officers’ club. They became the progenitors of the non-violent civil disobedience protest movement in America. Following the war, President Harry Truman felt compelled to order the integration of the US Military via the signing of Executive Order 9981 in 1948. Black soldiers have proved themselves worthy on every US battlefield since before the founding of the Republic. African American senior officers are now commonplace in all branches of military service.
HISTORY THAT STILL RESONATES
Many of these afore-mentioned events occurred in our living memory. They do not represent ancient history as those who claim the mantle of conservatism suggest. The wounds are still
fresh and painful. A better understanding of the past is critically important to the present and future. History matters. The often-heard statement that racism in America was neither systemic nor institutional is patently false. This ridiculous assertion is demonstrative of ignorance, willfully embraced delusion, or lies. The prevalence of racism in America is, to quote the US Declaration of Independence, “self-evident.” To deny it is to deny reality. Still, many within the ranks of the GOP do just that.
As mentioned in the editor’s note, one of the co-authors of this commentary is a Black man and a retired US Army brigadier general. His life is clearly a success story, regardless of race. Only a very few earn the right to wear stars on their epaulets. Despite his undeniable achievements, more African Americans, like him, have found racism within society a consistent and pernicious roadblock to advancement. Those persistent and often veiled roadblocks tend to destroy hope, the quintessential human precondition necessary to set difficult and demanding goals for oneself. Without hope for something better, we do not strive. When we do not strive for personal and professional betterment, something better never materializes. Those without hope can find themselves trapped in an ever-devolving pattern of despair.
HOME OWNERSHIP
A personal story from one of the co-authors may better make the point. In his own words — Home ownership is often the primary vehicle for passing on wealth to the next generation. Although not government-sponsored, a form of business racism in home appraisals is commonplace. Two years ago, I needed to have my house appraised. My neighbor advised me to “whitewash” my home first. Her husband was an attorney, and his firm had represented and won a case against an appraisal company for discriminating against African American homeowners. She advised us to remove all family pictures and other evidence that it was a Black-owned home. She said we should ask our White friends to welcome and meet the appraiser and then walk them through the house. Of course, my wife and I were urged to leave the premises. Why does this matter? Aside from the understandable anger that I felt, the lower appraisal value can impact the family for years. Our story is not an isolated incident. Another reprehensible business practice, termed “redlining,” kept Black people out of more desirable neighborhoods.
THE HORRIFIC STATISTICS
The National Urban League reports the following statistics for 2022. The baseline for comparison is with White people: Median household incomes are 37 % less; married couples are twice as likely to be denied a mortgage to purchase a home; life expectancy is at least 4 years less; women are 59 % more likely to die in childbirth; men are 52 % more likely to die from prostate cancer and 9 times more likely to die from homicide; students are less likely to graduate college; far more likely to suffer voter suppression; and three times more likely to face threats or uses of force during police encounters. Per prisonpolicy.org, Black people, while constituting a mere 13 % of the general population, represent 38 % of those imprisoned. These sad and tragic statistics go on and on. By every metric we could find, African Americans in the US continue to suffer from the aftereffects of institutional racism.
POLITICIZED RACISM
The Republican Party, aided and abetted by a highly monetized right-wing Media, has successfully weaponized race. They regularly condemn Critical Race Theory, which is more a hypothesis and a mere attempt by a little-known academic to explain why so many have suffered so much
for so long. They regularly deny that racism still exists in America. They also often attack Democrats for promulgating the idea of White privilege. While we take no issue with the reality, we would offer the thought that White advantage may be a better choice of words. For example, it is no privilege to be born White and poor in America, but in a majority White society, it can certainly be an advantage. Right-wing politicians repetitively denigrate Democrats as WOKE. No surprise here, the GOP shelters White supremacists on its fringe.
Rosa Parks courageously suffered police arrest for refusing to give up her seat at the front of a bus to a White person in Alabama. Alabama. Pictured is Rosa Parks with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (ca. 1955) (photo: National Archives and Records Administration Records of the U.S / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain)
Therefore, race-related problems get soft-pedaled. We could all do better by paying more attention to simple compassion and understanding. At its simplest, one could argue that this is the real meaning of WOKE. Yes, if one seeks to understand racism and subsequently feels compassion for those who were so ill-treated, it is WOKE. Tragically, the word has become a cruel right-wing cudgel used to bludgeon those who merely possess empathy for the downtrodden.
RELEVANCE AND CONCLUSION
The topic of past systemic governmentally supported racism remains a sensitive subject. However, that regrettable heritage still negatively impacts the present. It is an undeniable fact. The legacy lives on in business practices. Not wanting to accept that a reprehensible past still impacts us today within the commercial sector is as much about ignorance as denial. The history of Black people in America is afforded short shrift in public schools nationwide. The very existence of Black History as an academic pursuit in colleges and universities across America is the result of mainstream historians ignoring the subject for decades. Whites, particularly those who know few African Americans, continue to say there is no legacy of systemic racism because it is – simply put – not relevant to them. They do not see it, so, for them, it does not exist. Better understanding the past through improved public education is the key to unlocking a better future – making it a relevant study for everyone. END
**Editor’s Note: This revised commentary first appeared in Europe in the Netherlands’ “Atlantic Perspectives Magazine.” – GDM
—
About the Authors
Remo Butler is a retired US Army Brigadier General. Butler holds a master’s degree in personnel management and is a graduate of both the US Armed Forces Staff and Army War Colleges. He spent most of his nearly three-decade-long career in multiple senior command and staff assignments, culminating as Director of the Center for Command Support, United States Special Operations Command. Following his retirement from active military service, he continued to work in various leading consultant positions in the Middle East, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
Robert Bruce Adolph is a retired senior US Army Special Forces soldier and UN security chief, who is a long-time observer and writer on American politics. He holds graduate degrees in both international affairs and national security studies & strategy. Adolph has been a frequent guest columnist for Florida’s Tampa Bay Times, the Netherlands Atlantic Perspectives Magazine, and the US Military Times. He authored the well-reviewed book, “Surviving the United Nations: The Unexpected Challenge.”
and is a successful international speaker. Learn more at http://robertbruceadolph.com.
—
*** Editor’s Note: If you liked this article, you’d definitely want to check out Bob’s latest book: Surviving the United Nations – A True Story of Violence, Corruption, Betrayal, and Redemption.
It’s an eye-opening account of a Green Beret’s second career at the United Nations.
And don’t just take my word for it, here is what Publishers Weekly had to say:
“In his humanitarian and peacekeeping missions for the United Nations he dealt with child soldiers, blood diamonds, a double hostage-taking, an invasion by brutal guerrillas, an emergency aerial evacuation, a desperate hostage recovery mission, tribal gunfights, refugee camp violence, suicide bombings, and institutional corruption. His UN career brought him face to face with the best and worst of human nature, and he shares it all here.”
Click the link above to pick up your copy from Amazon today. You’ll find it every bit as riveting as the author himself.