During the war in Vietnam, the U.S. Army Special Forces were headquartered in Nha Trang. During this time, the Special Forces troops had a close liaison with the CIA, and the two organizations worked closely on many intelligence and special operations missions. Their most successful covert intelligence unit “Project GAMMA,” had its mission effectively shut down after General Creighton Abrams, the commander of U.S. troops in Vietnam, had many in the unit, as well as the 5^th Special Forces Group Commander Col. Robert Rheault, arrested on August 6, 1969, for the murder of a Vietnamese double agent.

The Beginnings of Project GAMMA

Project GAMMA, also known as B-57, had been running covert ground intelligence teams into Cambodia since late 1967. It used nearly 500 indigenous assets and operated from nine different sites inside South Vietnam using the cover of civil affairs or psychological operations units. It was the finest combat intelligence producing unit in Vietnam. GAMMA produced 65 percent of the usable intelligence on Cambodia and 75 percent of the intelligence on South Vietnam. These figures were supplied by Abrams’s own intelligence chief on his staff.

The unit took its orders from the Station Chief of the CIA in Saigon and through the agency’s satellite office in Nha Trang. Because the members were military, they were nominally under the chain of command of the 5^th SFG(A). Yet, Rheault was kept in the dark over much of the unit’s actions as they were on a strict “need to know” basis. Rheault had been in command of the 5^th Group for only a few weeks when these events took place.

One of the reasons for its success is that Project GAMMA and the CIA did not include the share information with the South Vietnamese. The South Vietnamese intelligence apparatus was a sieve and had many North Vietnamese agents in place.

Because policymakers in Washington had granted Cambodia and Laos “protected status” no U.S. combat troops were allowed there. Only the covert intelligence gathering teams were allowed to operate in the county. Of course, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) used this to its advantage, placing units up to division size right across the border, attacking the south, and then waltzing back to untouchable bases in Cambodia to refit, rearm, and do it all over again.

In early 1969, the CIA and GAMMA were getting concerned. Too many of their teams and agents were disappearing. They were convinced they had a mole in the organization. Then pictures surfaced of one of Project GAMMA’s assets, Chu Van Thai Khac (AKA Thai Khac Chuyen) speaking to North Vietnamese intelligence officials. The roll of film was taken from an NVA base camp in Cambodia where an SF recon team snuck in and stole the documents and film.

The handler for Thai Khac Chuyen, Sergeant Alvin Smith, identified him in the photos. Smith was not SF but an MI specialist assigned to the unit. The asset was brought in for interrogation that included a polygraph test. For some reason, a polygraph test had not been administered to Chuyen when he was recruited.

Execution and Fallout

After 10 days of intense “enhanced” interrogation including the use of sodium pentothal, GAMMA learned that Chuyen was compromising the intelligence teams to the NVA. In addition, he was passing information to the South Vietnamese which made Thai Khac Chuyen in effect a triple agent.

Project GAMMA didn’t take the problem of the intelligence leak to the 5^th SFG(A), and why would they? They took it to the CIA in Saigon. The order that came down through the Nha Trang office was to “terminate the agent with extreme prejudice” which quickly became the catch-phrase for every spy novel and film for the next generation.

The agent was drugged, wrapped in chains, and then taken to deep water out in the South China Sea from Nha Trang harbor. Captain Bob Marasco fired two shots into Chuyen’s head and the body was dumped into the sea.

The agency came up with the cover story to explain the absence of the asset if questions were asked. The story was that he was believed to have disappeared after being sent on a mission behind enemy lines to test his loyalty.

Here is where everything fell apart. Smith, Chuyen’s handler, feared for his own safety and retreated to the CIA’s Nha Trang office seeking protection. Word quickly got out and Abrams asked Rheault about the situation on an open and unsecured line. When pushed by Abrams, the Group Commander repeated the cover story.

Abrams was never a fan of Airborne troops and especially Special Forces. He quickly had all of the officers and men involved in the situation, including Rheault, arrested, and placed in Long Binh Jail. All were to be charged with premeditated murder.

“Get up there and clean all those bastards out!” Abrams told his staff. His chief intelligence officer said that Abrams has peculiar prejudices. “This commonsensical, well-read, sophisticated man harbored some of the longest-lasting, strangest, and most unusual prejudices. For one, he hated halfbacks, football halfbacks… Abrams held another unusual, and more serious, bias: he disliked paratroopers.”

He wasn’t alone. The Big Army hated Special Forces. All the attention that the relatively new unit had gotten from National Geographic, Look Magazine, and the Barry Sadler craze had rubbed the brass the wrong way. Many senior officers hated that the best and brightest NCOs were choosing to go to the expanding Special Forces units rather than stay and beef up the conventional army.

The Article 32 Fiasco

Reporters who routinely covered Special Forces found out about the arrests and the story went public in a big way. Most Americans felt that Rheault and the SF soldiers were being made scapegoats in a CIA operation. This feeling intensified when the defense produced photos taken by the Project GAMMA Intel team that showed Chuyen in a meeting with NVA intelligence officers in Cambodia. The public wanted to know why the men were being singled out for killing the enemy, which is what they were supposed to do.

Abrams insisted that an Article 32 hearing take place. It did — and turned into a circus. The defense hired a civilian attorney, Henry Rothblatt, who was well versed in military court-martials. He immediately deposed both CIA agents and Abrams himself to testify.

The defense also moved for dismissal due to a lack of evidence. Abrams tried to have the Navy drag Nha Trang harbor and use divers to find the body. He was taking a beating in the press. He denied the defense the use of any kind of office, which further gave credence to his bias.

Lack of a body prompted the prosecution to offer immunity to one of the accused, Chief Warrant Officer Edward Boyle, in exchange for using his testimony to push for a murder trial. Boyle refused the offer of immunity and also refused to testify.

Meanwhile, another SF recon team inserted in Cambodia and was hounded by NVA troops on insertion, but broke contact and later killed two enemy troops. One was believed to be a senior Chinese intelligence officer. In his possession, he had a case with a list of agents working for the NVA in the South Vietnamese and U.S. military. Listed prominently was the dead “triple agent” Chuyen. There was now no doubt that Chuyen was guilty.

On a side note, Col. Charles M. Simpson, who was a friend of and would eventually take over for Rheault, flew to Saigon to assist Rheault. When Abrams found out about it, he flew into another rage. “Tell that SOB to get the hell out of the country ASAP, or his ass will be in a cell next to his buddy.”

Both Abrams and the CIA refused to testify. Finally, the Secretary of the Army, Stanley Resor, announced that the charges against Rheault and the others would be dropped. Rheault asked to be reinstated as the Commander of the 5^th SFG(A). His request was denied. So, his career over, he promptly filed paperwork for retirement. The others soon left the military as well.

The Aftermath of Project GAMMA

Rheault was, prior to this incident, a rising star in the SF community. He was considered a great candidate to make General Officer. His career, hitherto on the fast track, was ruined. Project GAMMA was shut down in March 1970. An official Army history of the Green Berets, published after the Vietnam War, did not mention Project GAMMA or Detachment B-57 despite the high level of intelligence garnered. Although the Pentagon has declassified much material about Green Beret cross-border operations inside Laos and Cambodia, nothing on Project GAMMA has ever been made available.

Rheault retired and quickly took a position with the Outward Bound program in Maine. He remained there until his death in October of 2013, just two weeks shy of his 89^th birthday. He refused interviews and book deals on the incident. He was working on a book about SF in Vietnam but never got it published because publishers wanted him to discuss the entire “Green Beret Affair,” something he wouldn’t do. Eventually, his friend Simpson published the book titled Green Berets, The First Thirty Years. Rheault never tried to profit himself in any way over the affair.

He later worked with veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan — two other unpopular wars.

Lessons Learned

What does the entire affair mean to the SF and Special Operations Forces of today? There still remains within the Big Army some of that petty jealousy and distaste for Special Operations and Special Forces in general.

In the shadowy world in which special operations forces operate today with constant changes in the Rules of Engagement (ROE), troops will always have that question of whether a kill is “a good one.”

There was another wrongful prosecution for an SF captain and master sergeant of a “suspected” insurgent in Afghanistan about 10 years ago. Although the charges were later dropped, they never should have been brought in the first place.

Allegations are surfacing that certain SOF units from Britain and Australia were operating outside ROE as well. While the verdict is still out in some of these cases, proper caution must always be used in these types of situations. And the chain of command must leave no doubt in the SF operators’ minds on what is or is not allowed in the ROE.

The life of the SOF operators is dangerous enough already. They don’t need anything else adding to it — including a hostile higher headquarters that doesn’t believe in SOF.

This article was originally published on July 29, 2020.