Cameron Curtis has recently posted numerous articles on radar and electronic warfare. They are all on SOFREP and will be linked where appropriate. The interesting thing about current events is that the conflicts in Ukraine, and especially the Middle East, showcase the technology under combat conditions. The recent Israeli attack on Iran on the night of October 25/26 is particularly interesting because Israeli F-35i Adirs encountered particularly sophisticated threat radars. This will be discussed in the article that follows. I emphasize that some of the information is anecdotal, from Israeli sources, but it conforms very well with what we know of the technology and the events of the night. -ED

The Attack

Analysts have been puzzled by the limited nature of Israel’s October 25/26 attack on Iran. Various theories have been presented. Certainly, the NSA intelligence leak of October 17 had an effect, forcing the Israelis to initially cancel the attack. They then proceeded with an alternative plan.

Now, anecdotal information from Israeli sources suggests that the F-35s flying fighter escort for the strike package found themselves locked by engagement radars over Iraqi airspace. That means the Russians and Iranians could have shot them down at long range. It might have been several hundred miles, at the edge of the capability of ROCKS ALBMs that Israel meant to use on the enemy radar sites. This was a shock to the Israelis. According to this theory, the Israelis were so unnerved that they launched their missiles, turned around, and went home.

It also accounts for the sober expressions Netanyahu and Gallant wore in the Israeli command bunker. The senior Israeli officers around the table were wringing their hands and biting their nails.

This writer has written about the Anti-Stealth kill chain. Is the F-35 still untouchable? It’s well known that, like WW II Radars, Russian long wave radars can detect all modern stealth aircraft at long ranges. The success of air defense, however, depends on the system’s ability to hand off the contact from low-discrimination long-wave radar to high-discrimination engagement radars. The Americans and Israelis did not think the Russians and Iranians could close the kill chain. They thought wrong.

Back in April, the Russians and Iranians mapped the entire Israeli and coalition air defense network (see Iran’s drone strategy to map Israeli air defense), paving the way for Iran’s successful October 1 missile swarm attack. Rest assured the Israelis and Americans, who are no slouches, collected data on the Russians and Iranians on October 25/26. They are now going through that data with a fine-tooth comb, analyzing the Russian and Iranian capabilities.

The point is, the Israelis were locked by engagement radar they had not encountered in the past.

Electronic Warfare

Radars detect enemy aircraft by sending out pulses of microwave energy. When those pulses encounter aircraft, they bounce back. The time taken for the pulse to travel out and back, combined with the angle and directionality of the pulse, allows the radar to compute the aircraft’s direction, distance, altitude and speed.