GPS Block IIA satellite orbits over the earth, 2013 (Image source: DVIDS)
A recent report released by the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) earlier this week has underscored the critical importance of reassessing the US military’s global positioning system (GPS) modernization effort to meet its need for accuracy.
GPS, as we know it, is the backbone of navigation and timing information for both military and civilian applications. It plays a pivotal role in the operational effectiveness of armed forces, not just in the US but worldwide. From precise targeting and navigation in combat operations to logistics management and synchronization of military assets, GPS is undoubtedly an indispensable tool for modern warfare.
The Underutilization of GPS
The GAO’s investigation services for the US Congress revealed alarming findings, including the underutilization of the first US Air Force GPS satellite and disruptions caused by in-ground and user equipment segment delays. To address these challenges and ensure optimal operational capabilities, the agency recommends reassessing the requirements for satellites and handheld devices, aiming for a comprehensive modernization effort that aligns with the military’s evolving needs.
It noted that in order to counter such challenges, which usually affect the operation of the military’s jam-resistant signal broadcaster, the Department of Defense (DoD) has to consider adding three more satellites to the existing 24-satellite constellation. But this upgrade will come with a price, in terms of funding and maintenance, to ensure the consistent availability of all 27-satellite constellations over the next decade—a no-easy challenge for the US military.
For over twenty years, the DoD has been working diligently to upgrade the GPS, which first emerged in the early 1970s, with a military-specific signal called M-code that enhances jam resistance. It is crucial for the three segments, including ground control, space, and user equipment. However, concerns have arisen regarding the ability of the current 24-satellite constellation to meet the accuracy needs of some users.
The current number of satellites in the GPS constellation dates back to its original launch in the late 1970s, reaching full operational capability in the early 1990s. Initially developed for exclusive military use, GPS technology emerged during the space race era. However, in the 1980s, civilians were granted access to this revolutionary technology following an executive order signed by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. The decision to open GPS to civilian use came in the aftermath of a tragic commercial airline incident, highlighting the need for enhanced navigation and safety measures for both military and civilian applications.
M-Code Issues, Upgrade Delays
The GAO claimed that the US Space Force has yet to finalize a new schedule and admitted that additional delays are imminent due to other risks. Still, it may fall short of its performance goals considering the ongoing attempt to upgrade the GPS technology.
Delays in the ground control segment, according to the report findings of GAO, indicate that its delivery schedule has been pushed to at least later this year, emphasizing that the US Space Force’s imperative action to finalize the new timeline and address the risks that may lead to further delays. The space segment, as mentioned, needs to consider adding three satellites in orbit to meet specific user accuracy requirements. Meanwhile, the user equipment segment had tackled the development of the M-code capable Military GPS User Equipment (MGUE) Increment 1.
A recent report released by the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) earlier this week has underscored the critical importance of reassessing the US military’s global positioning system (GPS) modernization effort to meet its need for accuracy.
GPS, as we know it, is the backbone of navigation and timing information for both military and civilian applications. It plays a pivotal role in the operational effectiveness of armed forces, not just in the US but worldwide. From precise targeting and navigation in combat operations to logistics management and synchronization of military assets, GPS is undoubtedly an indispensable tool for modern warfare.
The Underutilization of GPS
The GAO’s investigation services for the US Congress revealed alarming findings, including the underutilization of the first US Air Force GPS satellite and disruptions caused by in-ground and user equipment segment delays. To address these challenges and ensure optimal operational capabilities, the agency recommends reassessing the requirements for satellites and handheld devices, aiming for a comprehensive modernization effort that aligns with the military’s evolving needs.
It noted that in order to counter such challenges, which usually affect the operation of the military’s jam-resistant signal broadcaster, the Department of Defense (DoD) has to consider adding three more satellites to the existing 24-satellite constellation. But this upgrade will come with a price, in terms of funding and maintenance, to ensure the consistent availability of all 27-satellite constellations over the next decade—a no-easy challenge for the US military.
For over twenty years, the DoD has been working diligently to upgrade the GPS, which first emerged in the early 1970s, with a military-specific signal called M-code that enhances jam resistance. It is crucial for the three segments, including ground control, space, and user equipment. However, concerns have arisen regarding the ability of the current 24-satellite constellation to meet the accuracy needs of some users.
The current number of satellites in the GPS constellation dates back to its original launch in the late 1970s, reaching full operational capability in the early 1990s. Initially developed for exclusive military use, GPS technology emerged during the space race era. However, in the 1980s, civilians were granted access to this revolutionary technology following an executive order signed by President Ronald Reagan in 1983. The decision to open GPS to civilian use came in the aftermath of a tragic commercial airline incident, highlighting the need for enhanced navigation and safety measures for both military and civilian applications.
M-Code Issues, Upgrade Delays
The GAO claimed that the US Space Force has yet to finalize a new schedule and admitted that additional delays are imminent due to other risks. Still, it may fall short of its performance goals considering the ongoing attempt to upgrade the GPS technology.
Delays in the ground control segment, according to the report findings of GAO, indicate that its delivery schedule has been pushed to at least later this year, emphasizing that the US Space Force’s imperative action to finalize the new timeline and address the risks that may lead to further delays. The space segment, as mentioned, needs to consider adding three satellites in orbit to meet specific user accuracy requirements. Meanwhile, the user equipment segment had tackled the development of the M-code capable Military GPS User Equipment (MGUE) Increment 1.
Accordingly, the device has progressed sufficiently to commence testing and fielding activities on the lead weapon system. As promising as it is for the third segment, GAO remains to highlight the delays and unexpected challenges that may impact the timely capability deployment for specific systems.
Furthermore, the Space Force’s plan to develop a handheld receiver with M-code technology lacks a major committed customer. Without a sound business case, the service branch risks allocating significant resources without guaranteeing benefits for military users.
The GAO stated in its report that it would, nevertheless, diligently continue to monitor the progress of the revised timelines, ensuring accountability and oversight throughout the GPS modernization process. As well as to provide valuable insights and recommendations to address any potential issues or delays that may arise.
To sum it up, GAO’s report underscores the imperative for the US military, specifically the DoD and the Space Force, to thoroughly reassess the requirements for satellites and handheld devices in the ongoing GPS modernization drive. By addressing the underutilization of existing satellites, resolving delays in the ground and user equipment segments, and ensuring consistent system availability, the military can significantly enhance accuracy and meet operational needs. These steps are crucial, particularly in today’s ever-evolving modern warfare landscape, which relies heavily on advanced technology and interconnected systems.
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