Operation Corporate: The Fight for the Falklands from the Skies

In the cold, windswept skies over the South Atlantic Ocean, a battle unfolded that would forever etch its place in the annals of military history. It was a conflict that pitted two nations against each other, separated by thousands of miles of ocean but united in their determination to assert their sovereignty over a remote archipelago known as the Falkland Islands.

Falkland War: The Prelude

The Falkland Islands, a British overseas territory, had long been a source of contention between the United Kingdom and Argentina. On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces, led by a military dictatorship, finally made a move and seized the islands, setting in motion a chain of events that would lead to a conflict that would capture the attention of the world. Before long, the British government decided to reclaim the islands, and Operation Corporate was born.

The Falkland War (also the Falklands Conflict or the Guerra de las Malvinas in Spanish) was stirred by the military junta in power in Argentina that came to be known as the National Reorganization Process (Proceso de Reorganización Nacional), which ruled the country from 1976 to 1983. The junta came to power through a coup d’état in 1976 and established a repressive regime known for its human rights abuses and widespread political persecution. The decision to invade the Falkland Islands was a ruse by the military government to divert attention from domestic issues and bolster its flagging popularity.

Argentina’s Formidable Mirage and the Dagger

The Argentine Air Force possessed a formidable array of fighter jets, chief among them the Mirage III and the Dagger (a licensed-built version of the Mirage 5). These sleek, delta-winged aircraft were the pride of the Argentine military and would play a pivotal role in the conflict.

IAI Dagger, Argentine Air Force, 1984 (Image source: Wikimedia Commons)

On May 1, 1982, just weeks after the initial Argentine invasion, the Mirage and Dagger squadrons launched their first aerial attacks on British naval vessels. It was a bold move and one that caught the British forces by surprise. The Argentine pilots, flying at low altitudes to evade radar detection, struck the Royal Navy fleet with deadly precision.

The British Response

The Royal Navy determined not to be outmatched in the air, deployed its Sea Harrier jump jets fleet. These short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft proved to be a game-changer in the conflict. Though initially designed for air defense, the Sea Harriers quickly adapted to the rigors of ground-attack missions.

Flying from the deck of the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes, the Sea Harrier pilots engaged in intense dogfights with the Argentine Mirage and Dagger aircraft. The battles in the South Atlantic skies were fast and furious, with both sides demonstrating remarkable skill and bravery.

The Air Battles

In the skies over the Falklands, the Mirage and Dagger aircraft clashed with the Sea Harriers in a series of fierce engagements. The British pilots faced a daunting challenge, going up against more experienced Argentine aviators in aircraft that were considered superior in terms of speed and altitude.

But the Sea Harrier pilots possessed an advantage of their own – their aircraft’s exceptional maneuverability and vertical takeoff capabilities. These advantages allowed them to outmaneuver their Argentine counterparts and strike with deadly precision. In one of the most iconic moments of the conflict, Lieutenant Commander Nigel “Sharkey” Ward downed an Argentine Dagger with an unguided 30mm cannon shot, a testament to the skill and determination of the British pilots.

The Sinking of the Belgrano

One of the most significant moments in the Falklands Conflict occurred on May 2, 1982, when the British submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano. This dramatic event had a profound impact on the air war.

The sinking of the Belgrano changed the calculus of the conflict. The Argentine Navy withdrew its surface fleet from the vicinity of the Falkland Islands, effectively denying the Argentine Air Force a key support element. With their naval air cover gone, the Argentine Mirage and Dagger squadrons were left to fend for themselves, greatly diminishing their effectiveness.

The Turning Point

As the conflict entered its second month, the British forces gained the upper hand in the air. With their superior training and adaptability, the Sea Harriers continued to score crucial victories against the Argentine aircraft. The Argentine Air Force, now operating at the limits of its logistical capabilities, found it increasingly challenging to sustain its air operations over the Falklands.

Sinking of the Belgrano — Sinking of the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands Conflict. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons)

The Endgame

By June 1982, the British had secured air superiority over the Falklands, paving the way for a successful ground offensive. The Argentine forces on the islands were cut off from their homeland and faced mounting pressure from the British military.

Then, on June 14, 1982, the Argentine military finally surrendered, ending the Falklands Conflict and leading to the downfall of its military junta. The aerial battles in the South Atlantic played a decisive role in the outcome, with the Sea Harriers and their pilots emerging as heroes of the conflict.

As the windswept skies over the Falkland Islands returned to a semblance of normalcy, they bore witness to a chapter of history written in courage, sacrifice, and the indomitable will to protect one’s homeland. The Falklands Conflict in the air will forever be etched in the annals of military history as a testament to the power of resolve in the face of adversity.